UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL CONTRACTS 2010
国际商事合同通则
（国际统一私法协会2010版）
TABLE OF CONTENTS 总目录
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
第一章 总则
2. FORMATION AND AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第二章 合同的订立与代理人的权限
3. VALIDITY
第三章 合同的效力
4. INTERPRETATION
第四章 合同的解释
5. CONTENT AND THIRD PARTY RIGHTS
第五章 合同的内容、第三方权利与条件
6. PERFORMANCE
第六章履行
7. NON-PERFORMANCE
第七章不履行
8. SET-OFF 第八章 抵销
9. ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS, TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS, OF CONTRACTS
第九章 权利的转让、债务的转移、合同的转让
10. LIMITATION PERIODS
第十章 时效期间
11. PLURALITY OF OBLIGORS AND OF OBLIGEES
第十一章 多个债务人与多个债权人
部分章节示例如下：
1.1 (Freedom of contract)
第1.1条（缔约自由）
parties are free to enter into a contract and to determine its content.
当事人可自由订立合同并确定合同的内容。
1.2 (No form required)
第1.2条（无形式要求）
in these Principles requires a contract, statement or any other act to be made in or evidenced by a particular form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.
通则不要求合同、声明或其他任何行为必须以特定形式做出或以特定形式证明。合同、声明或行为可通过包括证人在内的任何形式证明。
1.3 (Binding character of contract)
第1.3条（合同的约束性）
contract validly entered into is binding upon the parties. It can only be modified or terminated in accordance with its terms or by agreement or as otherwise provided in these Principles.
有效订立的合同对当事人具有约束力。当事人仅能根据合同的条款，或通过协议，或根据通则的规定修改或终止合同。
1.4 (Mandatory rules)
第1.4条（强制性规则）
in these Principles shall restrict the application of mandatory rules, whether of national, international or supranational origin, which are applicable in accordance with the relevant rules of private international law.
通则的任何规定均不应限制根据有关国际私法规则所导致的对强制性规则的适用，不论这些强制性规则是源于一国的、国际的还是超国家的。
1.5 (Exclusion or modification by the parties)
第1.5条（当事人的排除或修改）
parties may exclude the application of these Principles or derogate from or vary the effect of any of their provisions, except as otherwise provided in the Principles.
除通则另有规定外，当事人可以排除通则的适用或减损或改变通则任何条款的效力。
2.1.2 (Definition of offer)
第2.1.2条（要约的定义）
proposal for concluding a contract constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.
一项订立合同的建议，如果十分确定，并表明要约人在得到承诺时受其约束的意思，即构成一项要约。
2.1.3 (Withdrawal of offer)
第2.1.3条（要约的撤回）
(1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.
（1）要约于到达受要约人时生效。
(2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.
（2）一项要约即使不可撤销，仍可撤回，但撤回通知要在要约到达受要约人之前，或与要约同时到达受要约人。
2.1.5 (Rejection of offer)
第2.1.5条（要约的拒绝）
offer is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.
要约于拒绝通知到达要约人时终止。
2.1.6 (Mode of acceptance)
第2.1.6条（承诺的方式）
(1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.
（1）受要约人做出的表示同意要约的声明或其他行为构成承诺。缄默或不行为本身不构成承诺。
(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective when the indication of assent reaches the offeror.
（2）对一项要约的承诺于同意的表示到达要约人时生效。
(3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the parties have established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective when the act is performed.
（3）但是，如果根据要约本身，或依照当事人之间建立的习惯做法，或依照惯例，受要约人可以通过做出某种行为来表示同意，而无须向要约人发出通知，则承诺于做出该行为时生效。
2.1.17 (Merger clauses)
第2.1.17条（合并条款）
contract in writing which contains a clause indicating that the writing completely embodies the terms on which the parties have agreed cannot be contradicted or supplemented by evidence of prior statements or agreements. However, such statements or agreements may be used to interpret the writing.
若一个书面合同中载有的一项条款，表明该合同包含了各方当事人已达成一致的全部条款，则此前的陈述或协议均不能作为证据对抗或补充该合同。但是，该等陈述或协议可用于解释该书面合同。
2.1.18 (Modification in a particular form)
第2.1.18条（特定形式修改）
contract in writing which contains a clause requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in a particular form may not be otherwise modified or terminated. However, a party may be precluded by its conduct from asserting such a clause to the extent that the other party has reasonably acted in reliance on that conduct.
如果书面合同中载有的一项条款，要求任何协议修改或协议终止必须以特定形式做出，则该合同不得以其他形式修改或终止。但是，如果一方当事人的行为导致另一方当事人信赖并合理行事，则在此限度内，该一方当事人因其行为不得主张该条款。
2.1.19 (Contracting under standard terms)
第2.1.19条（按标准条款订立合同）
(1) Where one party or both parties use standard terms in concluding a contract, the general rules on formation apply, subject to Articles 2.1.20 – 2.1.22.
（1）一方或双方当事人使用标准条款订立合同的，适用订立合同的一般规则，但应受第2.1.20条至第2.1.22条的约束。
(2) Standard terms are provisions which are prepared in advance for general and repeated use by one party and which are actually used without negotiation with the other party.
（2）标准条款是指一方当事人为通常和重复使用的目的而预先准备的、在实际使用时未与对方谈判的条款。
4 . INTERPRETATION
第四章 合同的解释
4.1 (Intention of the parties)
第4.1条（当事人的意思）
(1) A contract shall be interpreted according to the common intention of the parties.
（1）合同应根据当事人各方的共同意思予以解释。
(2) If such an intention cannot be established, the contract shall be interpreted according to the meaning that reasonable persons of the same kind as the parties would give to it in the same circumstances.
（2）如果该意思不能确定，合同应根据一个与各方当事人具有同等资格的、通情达理的人处于相同情况下时，对该合同所应有的理解来解释。
6 . PERFORMANCE第六章履行
1: PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL
第一节 履行的一般规定
(b) if a period of time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at any time within that period unless circumstances indicate that the other party is to choose a time; (c) in any other case, within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract.
（b）如果合同规定了或依合同可确定一段时间，则为此段期间内的任何时间，除非情况表明履行时间应由另一方当事人选择；（c）在其他任何情况下，则在合同订立后的一段合理时间之内。
7.1.6 (Exemption clauses)
第7.1.6条（免责条款）
clause which limits or excludes one party’s liability for non-performance or which permits one party to render performance substantially different from what the other party reasonably expected may not be invoked if it would be grossly unfair to do so, having regard to the purpose of the contract.
若一项条款限制或排除一方当事人对不履行合同义务的责任，或者允许一方当事人的履行可与另一方当事人的合理期待有实质差异，则在考虑到合同的目的的情况下，如援引该条款明显不公平，则不得援引该条款。
7.1.7 (Force majeure)
第7.1.7条（不可抗力）
(1) Non-performance by a party is excused if that party proves that the non-performance was due to an impediment beyond its control and that it could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences.
（1）若不履行的一方当事人证明，其不履行是由于非他所能控制的障碍所致，而且在合同订立之时，无法合理地预期该方当事人能够考虑到该障碍，或者避免或克服该障碍，或其后果，则不履行方应予免责。
(2) When the impediment is only temporary, the excuse shall have effect for such period as is reasonable having regard to the effect of the impediment on the performance of the contract.
（2）若障碍只是暂时的，则在考虑到该障碍对合同履行影响的情况下，免责只在一段合理的期间内具有效力。
(3) The party who fails to perform must give notice to the other party of the impediment and its effect on its ability to perform. If the notice is not received by the other party within a reasonable time after the party who fails to perform knew or ought to have known of the impediment, it is liable for damages resulting from such non-receipt.
（3）未能履行义务的一方当事人必须将障碍及其对履约能力的影响通知另一方当事人。若另一方当事人在未履行方知道或应当知道该障碍后的一段合理时间内没有收到该通知，则未履行方应对另一方当事人因未收到该通知而导致的损害，负赔偿责任。
(4) Nothing in this Article prevents a party from exercising a right to terminate the contract or to withhold performance or request interest on money due.
（4）本条并不妨碍一方当事人行使终止合同、暂停履行或对到期应付款项要求支付利息的权利。